Indicator	Source	Coverage	Years	Website
Percentage of firms with internationally recognized certification	World Bank Enterprise Surveys	135 countries	2006–15	http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data
Percentage of firms using technology licensed from foreign companies	World Bank Enterprise Surveys	135 countries	2006–15	http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data
Expenditure on education	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	High	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Per-pupil expenditure on education	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	High	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Tertiary enrollment	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	High	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Graduates in science and engineering	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	High	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Researchers per million population	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	Partial	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Technicians in R&D	UNESCO/World Bank World Development Indicators	High	2005–14	http://data.worldbank.org/indicator#topic-14
ICT use in education	World Bank SABER	Partial (developing countries)	2013–14	http://saber.worldbank.org/index.cfm
Gross expenditure on R&D	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	Partial	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Percentage of product innovators by industry	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	Few	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Percentage of manufacturing firms engaged in innovative activities	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	65 countries	2015	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Percentage of firms engaged in innovation activities	World Bank World Development Indicators	106 countries	2000–14	https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
Employment in high-tech sectors	World Bank World Development Indicators	High	2000–14	https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
Employment in manufacturing sectors	World Bank World Development Indicators	High	2000–14	https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
Value-added services as percentage of GDP	World Bank World Development Indicators	High	2000–14	https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
Value-added manufacturing as percentage of GDP	World Bank World Development Indicators	High	2000–14	https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/
Average score of top 3 universities	QS World University Rankings	High	2014–15	https://www.topuniversities.com/
Gross capital formation	International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Economic Outlook (WEO)	High (188)	2008–15	https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/
ICT use per capita	International Telecommunications Union ICT Development Index	High	2014–15	https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/
ISO quality/environmental certificates	International Organization for Standardization (ISO); The ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications	High	1999–2015	http://www.iso.org/
Venture capital deals	Thomson Reuters’ Thomson One Banker Private Equity database; International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook database	Proprietary	2014–15	http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/download.aspx
Percentage of workforce in knowledge-intensive industries	International Labour Organization Database of Labour Statistics	High	2004–15	http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/
Firms offering formal training	World Bank Enterprise Surveys	135 countries	2006–15	http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/data
Gross expenditure on R&D performed by business enterprise as a percentage of GDP	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	Partial	2005–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Public expenditure on R&D	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	Partial	2005–14	http://statsdata.uis.unesco.org/
University-industry research collaboration	World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey	High	2014–15	http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-index-2017-2018/downloads/
Patent applications (residents/nonresidents)	WIPO, IMF WEO	High	2014–15	http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/
Trademark applications	WIPO, IMF WEO	High	2014–15	http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/
Scientific and technological papers	UNESCO Institute for Statistics	Partial	2009–14	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Royalties and license fee payments	World Trade Organization	High	2004–15	http://stat.wto.org/StatisticalProgram/WSDBStatProgramHome.aspx?Language=E
High-tech imports/exports	UN Comtrade	High	2002–15	http://comtrade.org
Cited documents (H-index)	SCImago Journal and Country Rank	High	1996–2014	http://www.scimagojr.com
New business density	World Bank Doing Business Rankings	High	2007–14	http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurship
Presence of national ministry/department	RTI, country governments	Medium	2016	N/A
Existence of R&D tax credit policy or other R&D financial incentive	Ernst & Young	Low (42 countries)	2014–15	http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-worldwide-randd-incentives-reference-guide/%24FILE/EY-worldwide-randd-incentives-reference-guide.pdf
Science and technology policy	Ernst & Young	Low	2014	http://www.ey.com/gl/en/services/tax/worldwide-r-d-incentives-reference-guide---country-list
Quality of intellectual property law	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Firms receiving support for innovation	OECD	Low (40 countries)	2013–15	http://www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-stats.htm
High skill immigration	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Cluster development	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Number of universities	Webometrics	All	2015	http://www.webometrics.info/en/node/54
Number of research centers	Webometrics	All	2015	http://research.webometrics.info/en/world?sort=asc&order=Country
Number of business schools	AACSB, Equis	Medium	2015	http://www.aacsb.edu/accreditation/accredited-members/global-listing