Economic transformation: Progress in moving toward an economy based on value-added products and services with high knowledge content. This progress can be defined by rising productivity that is measured, for example, by growth in the national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.
Indicators	Data Sources
GDP per capita	World Bank World Development Indicators
Percentage of GDP by sector (agriculture, industry, services)	World Bank national accounts data and OECD national accounts data files
Percentage of manufacturing exports defined as high-tech	World Bank World Development Indicators
Labor participation (male/female)	World Bank World Development Indicators
Gini coefficient (equitable growth)	World Bank World Development Indicators
Human capital: The prevalence of workers who currently engage in innovation activities and the pipeline of talent to increase the level of high-skilled labor within the population. This progress can be measured by the number of patent applications per million residents and the share of residents enrolled in higher education.
Indicators	Data Sources
Enrollment ratio in tertiary education (male/female)	UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Domestic and foreign patent applications per million residents	World Intellectual Property Organization
Share of population with a postsecondary degree	UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Idea flows: A country’s ability to import and circulate ideas. This progress can be measured by the total of intellectual property licensing payment and receipts (inflow/outflow of ideas) and the level of infrastructure available for ongoing knowledge sharing through internet access.
Indicators	Data Sources
Licensing payments for intellectual property (in/out)	International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files
Internet users per 100 residents	International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database, and World Bank estimates
International (PCT) patent filings	World Intellectual Property Organization
Research inputs: The national commitment to R&D activities and the expansion of the country’s research capacity, especially outside of the government. This progress can be measured by the growth in gross expenditures for R&D by both the public and private sectors and the number of scientific and technical publications per researcher.
Indicators	Data Sources
R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP	UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Scientific and technical journal articles (total)	National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators
Researchers per million population	UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Foreign direct investment (inflows and outflows) as a percentage of GDP	International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments database, supplemented by data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Entrepreneurship: A country’s ability to foster creative teams that convert ideas into new ventures. This progress can be measured by the amount of time needed to start a new business and rate of new business formation.
Indicators	Data Sources
New businesses registered	World Bank’s Entrepreneurship Survey and database
Time required to start a business	World Bank, Doing Business project